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Linux for beginners: 50 practical lessons
Project #3 of 3 in "Linux for server development" progression
Shell
Updated: Oct 25, 2026
Learning plan
Default
List
ls: listing files
ls -a: hidden files
ls -la: owner and permissions
ls -latr: sorted, recently modified
pwd: current directory
cd: change directory ,cd .., cd ~, cd /
cd ., cd, cd -, cd d:
wc: count lines, words and characters
cat: showing the file contents
Linux Directories Explained
Finding the hidden files: task (cd, pwd, ls, wc, cat)
whoami: which user you logged in
id: your group
sudo: root's permission
passwd: change user password
sudo passwd root: update root's password
exit: leave the subshell
su: change user to root
su - username: logged in as a user
su -c "apt update": run command as a root
Task: hack the root's password
mkdir: creating folders
mkdir -p: nested folders
rm, rm -r, rm -rf: removing files and directories
Destroying your system (in VM)
cp, cp -r: copy files
Copying multiple files: cp -v, cp -a, cp -t
mv: renaming and moving
Handy mv: mv -v, mv -b
touch: creating files
touch file{1..5}.txt: creating multipe files
cat for joining files >
cat for creating files >>
Writing files with cat 'EOF"
cat -A: debugging invisible characters
nano for editing files
less for reading large files page by page
find: [where] [condition] [action]
find command
grep: advanced search
ps, ps aux, ps -ef: processes of your system
Handy ps: ps -u, ps sort options
top: interactive processes (q, M, P, k, u, H)
df, df -h: disk free space
#1.
ls: listing files
#1
#2.
ls -a: hidden files
#2
#3.
ls -la: owner and permissions
#3
#4.
ls -latr: sorted, recently modified
#4
#5.
pwd: current directory
#5
#6.
cd: change directory ,cd .., cd ~, cd /
#6
#7.
cd ., cd, cd -, cd d:
#7
#8.
wc: count lines, words and characters
#8
#9.
cat: showing the file contents
#9
#10.
Linux Directories Explained
#10
#11.
Finding the hidden files: task (cd, pwd, ls, wc, cat)
#11
#12.
whoami: which user you logged in
#12
#13.
id: your group
#13
#14.
sudo: root's permission
#14
#15.
passwd: change user password
#15
#16.
sudo passwd root: update root's password
#16
#17.
exit: leave the subshell
#17
#18.
su: change user to root
#18
#19.
su - username: logged in as a user
#19
#20.
su -c "apt update": run command as a root
#20
#21.
Task: hack the root's password
#21
#22.
mkdir: creating folders
#22
#23.
mkdir -p: nested folders
#23
#24.
rm, rm -r, rm -rf: removing files and directories
#24
#25.
Destroying your system (in VM)
#25
#26.
cp, cp -r: copy files
#26
#27.
Copying multiple files: cp -v, cp -a, cp -t
#27
#28.
mv: renaming and moving
#28
#29.
Handy mv: mv -v, mv -b
#29
#30.
touch: creating files
#30
#31.
touch file{1..5}.txt: creating multipe files
#31
#32.
cat for joining files >
#32
#33.
cat for creating files >>
#33
#34.
Writing files with cat 'EOF"
#34
#35.
cat -A: debugging invisible characters
#35
#36.
nano for editing files
#36
#37.
less for reading large files page by page
#37
#38.
find: [where] [condition] [action]
#38
#39.
find command
#39
#40.
grep: advanced search
#40
#41.
ps, ps aux, ps -ef: processes of your system
#41
#42.
Handy ps: ps -u, ps sort options
#42
#43.
top: interactive processes (q, M, P, k, u, H)
#43
#44.
df, df -h: disk free space
#44
Linux for beginners: 50 practical lessons - Get Started
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